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Suzuki J, Kurita M, Ohtani M, Matsutomo T et al. Garlic-derived metabolite activates LKB1, promotes adipose eNAMPT secretion, and improves age-related muscle function via hypothalamic signaling. Cell Metab. 2026;38(6):1218-1228.E10.
Nakamoto M, Kunimura K, Ohtani M. Pharmacokinetics of sulfur-containing compounds in aged garlic extract: S-Allylcysteine, S-1-propenylcysteine, S-methylcysteine, S-allylmercaptocysteine, and others (Review). Exp Ther Med. 2025 Mar 26;29(5):102.
Kunimura K, Nakamoto M, Ushijima M. S-1-Propenylcysteine enhances endurance capacity of mice by stimulating fatty acid metabolism via muscle isoform of carnitine. J Nutr. 2024 Sep;154(9):2707-2716.
Nango H, Ohtani M. S-1-propenyl-L-cysteine suppresses lipopolysaccharide-induced expression of matrix metalloproteinase-1 through inhibition of tumor necrosis factor-α converting enzyme-epidermal growth factor receptor axis in human gingival fibroblasts. PLoS One. 2023 Apr 21;18(4):e0284713.
Miki S, Suzuki J, Takashima M et al. S-1-Propenylcysteine promotes IL-10-induced M2c macrophage polarization through prolonged activation of IL-10R/STAT3 signaling. Sci Rep. 2021 Nov 17;11(1):22469.
Kunimura K, Miki S, Takashima M, Suzuki J. S-1-propenylcysteine improves TNF-α-induced vascular endothelial barrier dysfunction by suppressing the GEF-H1/RhoA/Rac pathway. Cell Commun Signal. 2021 Feb 15;19(1):17.
Ushijima M, Kunimura K, Suzuki J. S-1-Propenylcysteine, a sulfur compound in aged garlic extract, alleviates cold-induced reduction in peripheral blood flow in rat via activation of the AMPK/eNOS/NO pathway. Exp Ther Med. 2020 Sep;20(3):2815-2821.
Suzuki J, Miki S, Ushijima M, Kodera Y. Regulation of immune response by S-1-propenylcysteine throught autophagy-mediated protein degradation. Exp Ther Med. 2020 Feb;19(2):1570-1573.
Ohtani M, Nishimura T. Sulfur-containing amino acids in aged garlic extract inhibit inflammation in human gingival epithelial cells by suppressing the intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression and IL-6 secretion. Biomed Rep. 2020 Mar;12(3):99-108.
Matsutomo T, Ushijima M, Kunimura K, Ohtani M. Metabolomic study reveals the acute hypotensive effect of S-1-propenylcysteine accompanied by alteration of the plasma histidine level in spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2019 May 10;168:148-154.
Tsuneyoshi T, Kunimura K, Morihara N. S-1-Propenylcysteine augments BACH1 degradation and heme oxygenase 1 expression in a nitric oxide-dependent manner in endothelial cells. Nitric Oxide. 2019 Mar 1;84:22-29.
Suzuki J, Kodera Y, Miki S, Ushijima M, Takashima M, Matsutomo T, Morihara N. Anti-inflammatory action of cysteine derivative S-1-propenylcysteine by inducing MyD88 degradation. Sci Rep. 2018 Sep 20;8(1):14148.
Ushijima M, Takashima M, Kunimura K, Kodera Y, Morihara N, Tamura K. Effects of S-1-propenylcysteine, a sulfur compound in aged garlic extract, on blood pressure and peripheral circulation in spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2018 Apr;70(4):559-565.
Kodera Y, Ushijima M, Amano H, Suzuki J, Matsutomo T. Chemical and Biological Properties of S-1-Propenyl-l-Cysteine in Aged Garlic Extract. Molecules. 2017 Mar 31;22(4):570.
Matsutomo T, Ushijima M, Kodera Y, Nakamoto M, Takashima M, Morihara N, Tamura K. Metabolomic study on the antihypertensive effect of S-1-propenylcysteine in spontaneously hypertensive rats using liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-Orbitrap mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2017 Mar 1;1046:147-155.
Amano H, Kazamori D, Ioth K. Evaluation of the Effects of S-Allyl-L-cysteine, S-Methyl-L-cysteine, trans-S-1-Propenyl-L-cysteine, and Their N-Acetylated and S-Oxidized Metabolites on Human CYP Activities. Biol Pharm Bull. 2016;39(10):1701-1707.
Amano H, Kazamori D, Ioth K. Pharmacokinetics and N-acetylation metabolism of S-methyl-l-cysteine and trans-S-1-propenyl-l-cysteine in rats and dogs. Xenobiotica. 2016 Nov;46(11):1017-1025.
Suzuki J, Yamaguchi T, Matsutomo T, Amano H, Morihara N, Kodera Y. S-1-Propenylcysteine promotes the differentiation of B cells into IgA-producing cells by the induction of Erk1/2-dependent Xbp1 expression in Peyer’s patches. Nutrition. 2016 Jul-Aug;32(7-8):884-889.
Kodera Y, Matsutomo T, Itoh K. The Evidence for the Production Mechanism of cis-S-1-Propenylcysteine in Aged Garlic Extract Based on a Model Reaction Approach Using Its Isomers and Deuterated Solvents. Planta Med Lett. 2015;2(01):e69-e72.
Miki S, Takashima M, Suzuki J. Anti-atherosclerotic effect of aged garlic extract: Its mode of action and therapeutic benefits (Review). Exp Ther Med. 2025 Mar 26;29(5):104.
Kunimura K, Miki S, Takashima M, Suzuki J. S-1-propenylcysteine improves TNF-α-induced vascular endothelial barrier dysfunction by suppressing the GEF-H1/RhoA/Rac pathway. Cell Commun Signal. 2021 Feb 15;19(1):17.
Ushijima M, Kunimura K, Suzuki J. S-1-Propenylcysteine, a sulfur compound in aged garlic extract, alleviates cold-induced reduction in peripheral blood flow in rat via activation of the AMPK/eNOS/NO pathway. Exp Ther Med. 2020 Sep;20(3):2815-2821.
Matsutomo T. Potential benefits of garlic and other dietary supplements for the management of hypertension (Review). Exp Ther Med. 2020 Feb;19(2):1479-1484.
Matsutomo T, Ushijima M, Kunimura K, Ohtani M. Metabolomic study reveals the acute hypotensive effect of S-1-propenylcysteine accompanied by alteration of the plasma histidine level in spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2019 May 10;168:148-154.
Tsuneyoshi T, Kunimura K, Morihara N. S-1-Propenylcysteine augments BACH1 degradation and heme oxygenase 1 expression in a nitric oxide-dependent manner in endothelial cells. Nitric Oxide. 2019 Mar 1;84:22-29.
Ushijima M, Takashima M, Kunimura K, Kodera Y, Morihara N, Tamura K. Effects of S-1-propenylcysteine, a sulfur compound in aged garlic extract, on blood pressure and peripheral circulation in spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2018 Apr;70(4):559-565.
Morihara N, Hino A, Miki S, Takashima M, Suzuki J. Aged garlic extract suppresses inflammation in apolipoprotein E-knockout mice. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2017 Oct;61(10).
Matsutomo T, Ushijima M, Kodera Y, Nakamoto M, Takashima M, Morihara N, Tamura K. Metabolomic study on the antihypertensive effect of S-1-propenylcysteine in spontaneously hypertensive rats using liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-Orbitrap mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2017 Mar 1;1046:147-155.
Morihara N, Hino A. Aged garlic extract suppresses platelet aggregation by changing the functional property of platelets. J Nat Med. 2017 Jan;71:249-256.
牛島光保. 熟成ニンニク抽出液の末梢循環改善作用. FOOD Style 21. 2017;21(12):75-77.
Takashima M, Kanamori Y, Kodera Y, Morihara N, Tamura K. Aged garlic extract exerts endothelium-dependent vasorelaxant effect on rat aorta by increasing nitric oxide production. Phytomedicine. 2017 Jan 15;24:56-61.
Morihara N, Hino A, Yamaguchi T, Suzuki J. Aged Garlic Extract Suppresses the Development of Atherosclerosis in Apolipoprotein E-Knockout Mice. J Nutr. 2016 Feb;146(2):460S-463S.
Hiramatsu K, Tsuneyoshi T, Ogawa T, Morihara N. Aged garlic extract enhances heme oxygenase-1 and glutamate-cysteine ligase modifier subunit expression via the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2-antioxidant response element signaling pathway in human endothelial cells. Nutr Res. 2016 Feb;36(2):143-149.
Tsuneyoshi T, Kanamori Y, Matsutomo T, Morihara N. Dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol suppresses monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells by attenuation of JNK signaling pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2015 Sep 25;465(3):408-413.
Weiss N, Morihara N, Ide T et al. Aged garlic extract restores nitric oxide bioavailability in cultured human endothelial cells even under conditions of homocysteine elevation. J Ethnopharmacol. 2013 Jan 9;145(1):162-167.
Higashikawa F, Ushijima M et al. Reduction of serum lipids by the intake of the extract of garlic fermented with Monascus pilosus: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Clin Nutr. 2012 Apr;31(2):261-266.
Morihara N, Ide N et al. Aged garlic extract inhibits homocysteine-induced scavenger receptor CD36 expression and oxidized low-density lipoprotein cholesterol uptake in human macrophages in vitro. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011 April 12;134(3):711-716.
Morihara N, Ide N et al. Aged garlic extract inhibits CD36 expression in human macrophages via modulation of the PPARgamma pathway. Phytother Res. 2010 April;24(4):602-608.
Abahji TN, Ide N et al. Acute hyperhomocysteinemia induces microvascular and macrovascular endothelial dysfunction. Arch Med Res. 2007 May;38(4):411-416.
Weiss N, Ide N et al. Aged garlic extract improves homocysteine-induced endothelial dysfunction in macro-and microcirculation. J Nutr. 2006 Mar;136(3 Suppl):750S-754S.
Ide N et al. Aged garlic extract inhibits homocysteine-induced CD36 expression and foam cell formation in human macrophages. J Nutr. 2006 Mar;136(3 Suppl):755S-758S.
Harauma A, Moriguchi T. Aged garlic extract improves blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats more safely than raw garlic. J Nutr. 2006 Mar;136(3 Suppl):769S-773S.
Morihara N, Sumioka I, Ide N, Moriguchi T, Uda N, Kyo E. Aged garlic extract maintains cardiovascular homeostasis in mice and rats. J Nutr. 2006 Mar;136(3 Suppl):777S-781S.
Sumioka I, Hayama M, Shimokawa Y, Shiraishi S et al. Lipid-lowering effect of monascus garlic fermented extract (MGFE) in hyperlipidemic subjects. Hiroshima J Med Sci. 2006 Jun;55(2):59-64.
Morihara N, Ide N, Sumioka I, Kyo E. Aged garlic extract inhibits peroxynitrite-induced hemolysis. Redox Rep. 2005;10(3):159-165.
Budoff MJ, Amagase H et al. Inhibiting progression of coronary calcification using Aged Garlic Extract in patients receiving statin therapy: a preliminary study. Prev Med. 2004 Nov;39(5):985-991.
Morihara N, Sumioka I, Moriguchi T, Uda N, Kyo E. Aged garlic extract enhances production of nitric oxide. Life Sci. 2002 Jun 21;71(5):509-517.
Ide N, Lau BHS. Garlic compounds minimize intracellular oxidative stress and inhibit nuclear factor-kappa b activation. J Nutr. 2001 Mar;131(3s):1020S-1026S.
Ho SE, Ide N et al. S-allyl cysteine reduces oxidant load in cells involved in the atherogenic process. Phytomedicine. 2001 Jan;8(1):39-46.
Matsuura H. Saponins in garlic as modifiers of the risk of cardiovascular disease. J Nutr. 2001 Mar;131(3s):1000S-1005S.
Moriguchi T, Takasugi N, Itakura Y. The effects of aged garlic extract on lipid peroxidation and the deformability of erythrocytes. J Nutr. 2001 Mar;131(3s):1016S-1019S.
Ide N et al. Aged garlic extract attenuates intracellular oxidative stress. Phytomedicine. 1999 May;6(2):125-131.
Ide N et al. S-allylcysteine attenuates oxidative stress in endothelial cells. Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 1999 May;25(5):619-624.
Ide N et al. Aged garlic extract and its constituents inhibit Cu(2+)-induced oxidative modification of low density lipoprotein. Planta Med. 1997 Jun;63(3):263-264.
Ide N, Lau BH. Garlic compounds protect vascular endothelial cells from oxidized low density lipoprotein-induced injury. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1997 Sep;49(9):908-911.
Yamasaki T et al. Garlic compounds protect vascular endothelial cells from oxidant injury. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi. 1997 Oct;110(Suppl 1):138-141.
Yamasaki T et al. Garlic compounds protect vascular endothelial cells from hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidant injury. Phytother Res. 1994;8(7):408-412.
永井勝次, 松中淳子. ラットの血圧に及ぼすニンニク抽出液の影響. 薬理と治療. 1975;3(2):255-260.
Maeda T, Miki S, Morihara N et al. Aged garlic extract ameliorates fatty liver and insulin resistance and improves the gut microbiota profile in a mouse model of insulin resistance. Exp Ther Med. 2019 Jul;18(1):857-866.
Miki S, Inokuma K, Takashima M, Nishida M, Sasaki Y, Ushijima M, Suzuki J, Morihara N. Aged garlic extract suppresses the increase of plasma glycated albumin level and enhances the AMP-activated protein kinase in adipose tissue in TSOD mice. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2017 May;61(5):1600797.
Adachi Y, Yoshida J, Kodera Y et al. Bis(allixinato)oxovanadium(IV) complex is a potent antidiabetic agent: Studies on structure-activity relationship for a series of hydroxypyrone-vanadium complexes. J Med Chem. 2006 Jun 1;49(11):3251-3256.
Adachi Y, Yoshida J, Kodera Y et al. Improvement of diabetes, obesity and hypertension in type 2 diabetic KKAy mice by bis(allixinato)oxovanadium(IV) complex. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2006 Jul 7;345(3):945-950.
Adachi Y, Yoshida J, Kodera Y et al. A highly potent insulin-mimetic zinc(II) complex a Zn(S2O2) coordination mode: Bis(1,6-dimethyl-3-hydroxy-5-methoxy-2-pentyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-4-thionato)zinc(II). Chem Lett. 2005 May;34(5):656-657.
Adachi Y, Yoshida J, Kodera Y et al. A new insulin-mimetic bis(allixinato)zinc(II) complex: structure-activity relationship of zinc(II) complexes. J Biol Inorg Chem. 2004 Oct;9(7):885-893.
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Hoshino T, Kashimoto N, Kasauga S. Effects of Garlic Preparations on the Gastrointestinal Mucosa. J Nutr. 2001 Mar;131(3s):1109S-1113S.
Sumioka I et al. Therapeutic effect of S-allylmercaptocysteine on acetaminophen-induced liver injury in mice. Eur J Pharmacol. 2001 Dec 21;433(2-3):177-185.
Horie T, Fuwa T et al. Protective effect of aged garlic extract on the small intestinal damage of rats induced by methotrexate administration. Planta Med. 1999 Aug;65(6):545-548.
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永井勝次. ニンニク抽出液投与による肝の電顕的考察. 診療と保険. 1972;14(12):1477-1478.
Kohda K, Morihara N, Kodera Y, Oka T et al. Enhancing Effect of Aged Garlic Extract on Induction of Morphological Differentiation with Neurite Outgrowth in NGF-treated PC12 Cells. Pharmacol Pharm. 2012;3(1):37-43.
武田秀勝, 吉良和也, 隅岡功, 葉山実ほか. 学生の試験ストレスに対する熟成ニンニク抽出液(AGE)の効果. 北方産業衛生. 2011;48:15-20.
Moriguchi T et al. Aged garlic extract as a neurotrophic and anti-aging agent. Piante Medicinali. 2002;1(3):114-128.
Nishiyama N, Moriguchi T, Morihata N et al. Ameliorative effect of S-allylcysteine, a major thioallyl constituent in aged garlic extract, on learning deficits in senescence-accelerated mice. J Nutr. 2001 Mar;131(3s):1093S-1095S.
Sumi S, Tsuneyoshi T, Matsuo H, Yoshimatsu T. Isolation and characterization of the genes up-regulated in isolated neurons by aged garlic extract (AGE). J Nutr. 2001 Mar;131(3s):1096S-1099S.
住吉博道. ニンニクが脳機能に及ぼす作用. Food Style21. 1999;3:36-40.
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Moriguchi T et al. Anti-ageing effect of aged garlic extract in the inbred brain atrophy mouse model. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 1997 Mar-Apr;24(3-4):235-242.
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Moriguchi T et al. Aged garlic extract prolongs longevity and improves spatial memory deficit in senescence-accelerated mouse. Biol Pharm Bull. 1996 Feb;19(2):305-307.
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Moriguchi T et al. Prolongation of life span and improved learning in the senescence accelerated mouse produced by aged garlic extract. Biol Pharm Bull. 1994 Dec;17(12):1589-1594.
Kunimura K, Nakamoto M, Ushijima M. S-1-Propenylcysteine enhances endurance capacity of mice by stimulating fatty acid metabolism via muscle isoform of carnitine. J Nutr. 2024 Sep;154(9):2707-2716.
Morihara N, Nishihama T, Ushijima M, Ide N, Hayama M et al. Garlic as an anti-fatigue agent. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2007 Nov;51(11):1329-1334.
Morihara N, Ushijima M, Kashimoto N, Sumioka I, Nishihama T, Hayama M et al. Aged garlic extract ameliorates physical fatigue. Biol Pharm Bull. 2006 May;29(5):962-966.
木本理可, 許栄海ほか. 熟成ニンニク抽出液が日常定期的運動負荷時および一時的最大運動負荷時の尿中8-OHdG含有量推移に及ぼす影響. 北海道スポーツ医・科学雑誌. 2005;10:17-26.
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Ushijima M, Sumioka I, Kakimoto M, Yokoyama K, Uda N, Matsuura H, Kyo E, Suzuki A, Kasuga S, Itakura Y, Amagase H et al. Effect of garlic and garlic preparations on physiological and psychological stress in mice. Phytother Res. 1997 May;11(3):226-230.
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Fujii D, Nango H, Ohtani M. Aged garlic extract enhances the production of β-defensin 4 via activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in mouse gingiva. Exp Ther Med. 2024 Dec 30;29(2):41.
Takashima M, Kurita M, Terai M, Suzuki J et al. S-allylmercaptocysteine inhibits TLR4-mediated inflammation through enhanced formation of inhibitory MyD88 splice variant in mammary epithelial cells. Sci Rep. 2024 Nov 28;14(1):29627.
Nango H, Ohtani M. S-1-propenyl-L-cysteine suppresses lipopolysaccharide-induced expression of matrix metalloproteinase-1 through inhibition of tumor necrosis factor-α converting enzyme-epidermal growth factor receptor axis in human gingival fibroblasts. PLoS One. 2023 Apr 21;18(4):e0284713.
Miki S, Suzuki J, Takashima M et al. S-1-Propenylcysteine promotes IL-10-induced M2c macrophage polarization through prolonged activation of IL-10R/STAT3 signaling. Sci Rep. 2021 Nov 17;11(1):22469.
鈴木順一朗. 熟成ニンニク抽出液の免疫調整作用. FOOD Style 21. 2021;25(1):53-55.
Suzuki J, Miki S, Ushijima M, Kodera Y. Regulation of immune response by S-1-propenylcysteine throught autophagy-mediated protein degradation. Exp Ther Med. 2020 Feb;19(2):1570-1573.
Miki S, Suzuki J, Kunimura K, Morihara N. Mechanisms underlying the attenuation of chronic inflammatory diseases by aged garlic extract: Involvement of the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (Review). Exp Ther Med. 2020 Feb;19(2):1462-1467.
Ohtani M, Nishimura T. Sulfur-containing amino acids in aged garlic extract inhibit inflammation in human gingival epithelial cells by suppressing the intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression and IL-6 secretion. Biomed Rep. 2020 Mar;12(3):99-108.
Suzuki J, Kodera Y, Miki S, Ushijima M, Takashima M, Matsutomo T, Morihara N. Anti-inflammatory action of cysteine derivative S-1-propenylcysteine by inducing MyD88 degradation. Sci Rep. 2018 Sep 20;8(1):14148.
Suzuki J, Yamaguchi T, Matsutomo T, Amano H, Morihara N, Kodera Y. S-1-Propenylcysteine promotes the differentiation of B cells into IgA-producing cells by the induction of Erk1/2-dependent Xbp1 expression in Peyer’s patches. Nutrition. 2016 Jul-Aug;32(7-8):884-889.
Yamakawa T, MatsutomoT, Kodera Y et al. Aged Garlic Extract and One of the Constituent, (+)-(2S,3R)-Dehydrodiconiferyl Alcohol, Inhibits Alkaline Phosphatase Activity Induced by Inflammation Factors in Human Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. Food Nutr Sci. 2014 Jan;5(2):177-184.
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Kyo E, Uda N, Ushijima M, Kasuga S, Itakura Y. Prevention of psychological stress-induced immune suppression by aged garlic extract. Phytomedicine. 1999 Nov;6(5):325-330.
Zhang Y, Moriguchi T et al. Functional relationship between age-related immunodeficiency and learning deterioration. Eur J Neurosci. 1998 Dec;10(12):3869-3875.
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Lau BH, Yamasaki T et al. Garlic compounds modulate macrophage and T-lymphocyte functions. Mol Biother. 1991 Jun;3(2):103-107.
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Nakamoto M, Kunimura K, Ohtani M. Pharmacokinetics of sulfur-containing compounds in aged garlic extract: S-Allylcysteine, S-1-propenylcysteine, S-methylcysteine, S-allylmercaptocysteine, and others (Review). Exp Ther Med. 2025 Mar 26;29(5):102.
Nakamoto M and Kunimura K. Study of the metabolism of S-allylmercaptocysteine to elucidate its metabolites and metabolic pathway in rats. Eur Food Res Technol. 2023;249:1377-1389.
Yamato O, Tsuneyoshi T, Ushijima M, Jikihara H et al. Safety and efficacy of aged garlic extract in dogs: upregulation of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathway and Nrf2-regulated phase II antioxidant enzymes. BMC Vet Res. 2018 Nov 29;14(1):373.
Amano H, Kazamori D, Ioth K. Evaluation of the Effects of S-Allyl-L-cysteine, S-Methyl-L-cysteine, trans-S-1-Propenyl-L-cysteine, and Their N-Acetylated and S-Oxidized Metabolites on Human CYP Activities. Biol Pharm Bull. 2016;39(10):1701-1707.
Amano H, Kazamori D, Ioth K. Pharmacokinetics and N-acetylation metabolism of S-methyl-l-cysteine and trans-S-1-propenyl-l-cysteine in rats and dogs. Xenobiotica. 2016 Nov;46(11):1017-1025.
Amano H, Kazamori D, Ioth K. Pharmacokinetics of S-Allyl-l-cysteine in Rats Is Characterized by High Oral Absorption and Extensive Renal Reabsorption. J Nutr. 2016 Feb;146(2):456S-459S.
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